ያምኻድ
ያምኻድ በጥንታዊ ሶርያ የተገኘ መንግሥት ሲሆን ዋና ከተማው በሃላብ (አሌፖ) ነበር።[1] የያምኻድ መንግሥት በታሪክ መዝገብ መጀመርያ የሚጠቀሰው ከማሪ ንጉሥ ያኽዱን-ሊም (1723-1707 ዓክልበ.) ጎረቤቶች መካከል ሲሆን ነው። የያምኻድ ነግሥታት በሥራዊትም ሆነ በዲፕሎማሲ ግዛታቸውን አስፋፉ። ከመመሠረቱ ጀምሮ ያምኻድ ከጠላቶቹ ማሪ፣ ቃትና እና አሦር ይታገል ነበር፤ በንጉሡም 1 ያሪም-ሊም ዘመን ከሁሉ ሃይለኛ መንግሥት በሶርያ ሆነ። የያምካድ ተጽእኖ ትልቅነት ኬጥያውያን አገሩን እስካጠፉ ድረስ ነበር፤ በኋላም የሚታኒ ግዛት ሆነ።
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/6/68/1a1Yamhad.png/350px-1a1Yamhad.png)
የያምኻድ ሕዝብ በተለይ አሞራውያን ሲሆኑ ጥቂቶቹ ግን ሑራውያን ነበሩ። ከተማቸው ሃላብ እስከ ዛሬው ድረስ ተሠፍሮበት ስለ ሆነ፣ ብዙ ሥነ ቅርስ በዚያ መቸም ተደርጎ አያውቅም።[2] ስለዚህ የምናውቀው መረጃ በተለይ ከአላላኽና ከማሪ ከተገኙት ጽላቶች ይሆናል።[3]
ሃላብ ደግሞ ለአሞራዊው ጣኦት ሃዳድ የተቀደሠ ሃይማኖታዊ ማዕከል ነበረ። በቀድሞው የኤብላ ግዛት ዘመን፣ ከተማው «ሃላም» ተብሎ ይጠቀስ ነበር።[4][5]
ታሪክ
ለማስተካከልመጀመርያ የምናውቀው የያምኻድ ንጉሥ ሱሙ-ኤፑኽ (በያኽዱን-ሊም ዘመን) ከሃላብ በላይ አላላኽንና ቱባን ከተሞች ገዛ።[6] የማሪ ንጉሥ ያኽዱን-ሊም አሦርን ለመቃወም ከሱሙ-ኤፑኽ ጋር የማግባባት ስምምነት ቢኖረውም፣[7] ከትንሽ በኋላ ግን በያምኻድ ላይ ዘምቶ ነበር።[8] ሱሙ-ኤፑኽ የያሚና ልጆችን ደገፈ እና ከሌሎች አገራት ኡርሹ፣ ኻሹምና ከርከሚሽ ጋር ተባበረ።[9][10] ያኽዱን-ሊም ጠላቶቹን አሸነፋቸው፤[11] በመጨረሻ ግን በልጁ ሱሙ-ያማም ተገደለ።[12]
የአሦር መንግሥት በ1 ሻምሺ-አዳድ ሥር በዚህ ወቅት ይበረታ ጀመር። ማሪን አጠፍቶ የያክዱን-ሊም አልጋ ወራሽ ዝምሪ-ሊም ከአገሩ መሸሽ ነበረበት፤ ወደ ሱሙ-ኤፑኽ በስደት ሔደ።[12] ሻምሺ-አዳድ ልጁን ያስማሕ-አዳድን የማሪ ንጉሥ አደረገው፣ ያስማኅ-አዳድም የቃትና ንጉሥ የኢሺ-አዳድን ሴት ልጅ አግብቶ የአሦርና የቃትና ስምምነት በያምካድ ላይ አጸና።[13] ኡርሹ፣ ኻሹምና ከርከሚሽ ደግሞ ድጋፋቸውን ከያምኻድ ወደ አሦር አዛወሩ፤ ያምኻድም በሻምሺ-አዳድ ጓደኞች ተከቦ ነበር። ሱሙ-ኤፑኽ ከሻምሺ-አዳድ ጋር ጦርነት ሲያደርግ ተገድሎ ልጁ ፩ ያሪም-ሊም ተከተለው።[14] ያሪም-ሊም ስምምነቶች ከባቢሎን ንጉሥ ሃሙራቢ እና ከኤሽኑና ንጉሥ 2 ኢባልፒእል ተዋዋለ።[15] በ1689 ዓክልበ. ያሪም-ሊም ቱቱልን ይዞ ዚምሪ-ሊምን የከተማው ገዢ እንዲሆን ሾመው። በሚከተለው ዓመት ሻምሺ-አዳድ ሞተ። ከዚያ የያምኻድ ሃያላት ከዝምሪ-ሊም ጋር ያስማሕ-አዳድን አሸንፈው የማሪን ዙፋን መለሱለት[15] ያሪም-ሊምም ሴት ልጁን ሺብቱን ለዝምሪ ልም አጋባት።[16]
««ለብቻው ሃይለኛ የሆነ ንጉሥ የለም። ፲ ወይም ፲፭ ነገሥታት የባቢሎንን ገዥ ሃሙራቢን ይከተላሉ፤ ተመሳሳይ ቁጥር የላርሳ ሪም-ሲንን ይከተላሉ፤ ተመሳሳይ ቁጥር የኤሽኑና ኢባልፒኤል፣ ተመሳሳይ ቁጥር የቃትና አሙድፒኤል፣ ሃያ ግን የያምካድን ያሪም-ሊምን ይከተላሉ።»» |
— ወደ ማሪ ንጉሥ ዝምሪ-ሊም የተላከ ጽላት[17] |
ከዚያ ያሪም-ሊም ግዛቱን ወደ ምሥራቅ እስከ ሐቡር ወንዝ ድረስ፣[18] ወደ ስሜንም እስከ ማማ ድረስ አስፋፋ።[19] ማማ፣ ኤብላ እና ኡጋሪት ከተምች ሁሉ ለያምኻድ ተገዥ ሆኑ።[20][21] ቃትና ነጻነቱን ጠበቀ ግን ሻምሺ-አዳድ ዓርፎ ሰላማዊ መሆን ነበረበት።[13][22] ያሪም ሊም ወደ ደርና ድንቅቱም ንጉሥ የላከው ጦርነት ዐዋጅ በጽላት ተገንቷል፤[23] ፭ መቶ የያምኻድ መርከቦች በድንቅቱም ለ፲፪ ዓመት እንደ ቆዩ፣ የያምኻድ ሠራዊት ደርን ለ፲፭ አምመት እንደ ረዱ ይጠቅሳል።[23] የያምኻድ ንጉሥ ማዕረግ «ታላቅ ንጉሥ» ሆነ።[20][13]
የያሪም-ሊም ልጅና ተከታይ 1 ሃሙራቢ ዘመን ሰላማዊ ነበር።[15] ከርከሚሽን ተገዥ አደረገ፣[15] የባቢሎኒያንም ሃሙራቢ በላርሳና በኤላም ላይ በመርዳት ወታደሮቹን ላከ።[24] የባቢሎን ሃሙራቢ ማሪን ካጤፋ በኋላ (1673 ዓክልበ.) ያምኻድ ግን ሰላማዊ ሆኖ ቀረ።[13] የያምኻድ ፩ ሃሙራቢ ተከታይ ልጁ 1 አባ-ኤል ሲሆን በእርሱ ዘመን ኢሪዱ ከተማ አመጸበት፣ ይም ከወንድሙ ያሪም-ሊም ዘአላላኽ ሥልጣን ነበር።[25] አባ-ኤል በምላሽ ኢሪዱን አጠፋ፣ በፈንታውም አላላኽን ለወንድሙ ያሪም-ሊም ሰጠው።[25] የሑራውያን ቁጥርና በአሞራውያን ላይ ተጽእኖአቸው በዚህ ዘመን እንደ በዛ ይታወቃል፤ አባ-እል የአሞራውያንን ጣኦታት ብቻ ሳይሆን የሑርያውያንን ጣኦታት ደግሞ ይጠቅስ ነበርና።
ከአባ-ኤል ቀጥሎ ለተከታዮቹ ዘመኖች ብዙ መዝገቦች የሉም።[25] በ2 ያሪም-ሊም ዘመን የያምኻድ ኃይል ከክርክሮች የተነሣ ደክሞ ነበር።[26][27] ፫ ያሪም ሊም የያምካድ ገዥነት በቃትና ላይ ቢያስገድም፣[25] በአላላኽ ግን አሚታኩም እንደ ነጻ ያሕል መንግሥት አቆመ።[26] ሆኖም የያምኻድ ንጉሥ ከሶርያ አገራት መካከል ሃይለኛው ሆኖ ቀረ፤ «ታላቅ ንጉሥ»ም እንደ ኬጥያውያን ንጉሥ እኩል ተቆጠረ።[28] እርካብቱም (1587-1575 ዓክልበ. ግድም) የተባለው የያምሓድ ንጉሥ ሃቢሩ ከተባለው ነገድና ከአለቃቸው ሰሙማ ጋር ስምምነት እንደ ተዋዋለ ይታወቃል።
ከዚያ በኋላ የኬጥያውያን ንጉሥ 1 ሐቱሺሊ ዛቻ ወደ ደቡብ ወደ ሶርያ ጣለ።[29] ፫ ያሪም-ሊምና ተከታዩ 3 ሃሙራቢ ከሆራውያን ከተሞች ጋራ በመተባበር የሐቱሺሊን ዘመቻ ለመከላከል ቻሉ።[25] በሐቱሺሊ ሶርያዊ ዘመቻ በ፪ኛው ዓመት አላላኽን ያዘ።[30][31] ከዚያ ሐቱሺሊ የኡርሹ ሆርያውያንን አሸነፋቸው፣ ያምኻድና ከርከሚሽ ረድኤታቸውን ለኡርሹ ምንም ቢሰጡ።[32] ከዚያ ሐቱሺሊ ያምሓድን በደብረ አታሉር ውግያ አሸነፈው፣[33] ሐሹምንም አያሌው ሌሎችንም የሖርያውያን ከተሞች በሶርያዊው ዘመቻ ፮ኛው ዓመት አጠፋቸው።[30] በመጨረሻ ሓቱሺሊ ሐላብን እራሱን በቀጥታ መታ፣ ዳሩ ግን ድል ሆነ፣ተቆስሎም ሞተ (1536 ዓክልበ. ግ.)።[34][35]
የ፩ ሐቱሺሊ ተከታይ 1 ሙርሲሊ ሲሆን፣ እርሱ አድጎ የአያቱን ቂም በቅሎ ሐላብን ያዘ፤ ይህም የያምኻድ መንግሥት ውድቀት ነበር።[36] ከዚያ ሙርሲሊ እስከ ባቢሎን ድረስ ዘምቶ ባቢሎንን አጠፋ (1507 ዓክልበ.) ነገር ግን ወደ ዋና ከተማው ወደ ሐቱሳሽ በተመለሠበት ጊዜ ተገደለ።[37] ሐላብ ዳግመኛ ተሠራና አላላኽ እንደገና በግዛቱ ውስጥ ሆነ፣[38] የ«ያምኻድ» ስም ግን ተተወ፣ «ሐላብ» ብቻ ይባል ጀመር።[39] ከሐላብ ነገሥታት ስሞች በቀር ምንም ሌላ አይታወቅም፣ መጀመርያው፣ ሳራ-ኤል፣ ምናልባት የ፫ ያሪም-ሊም ልጅ ነበር።[40] የሐላብ መጨረሻ ንጉሥ 1 ኢሊም-ኢሊማ ተባለ፣[41] የሚታኒ ንጉሥ ፓርሻታታር ግን ዓመጽ አንሥቶበት ተገደለና ሚታኒ ያንጊዜ ሐላብን ያዘ።[42][43] የኢሊም-ኢሊማ ልጅ ኢድሪሚ ወደ ኤማር ሸሽቶ ከሃቢሩ ጋር 7 ዓመት ቆየ፣ ከዚያም አላላኽን አሸነፈና ሥርወ መንግሥቱን በዚያ ከተማ በሃቢሩ እርዳታ ተቀጠለ።[42][43] ሐላብ ግን ነጻነቱን በማጣት በሚታኒ መንግሥት ውስጥ ቀረ።[44]
የያምኻድ ነገሥታት
ለማስተካከልንጉሥ | ዘመን | ማዕረግ | ዝምድና |
---|---|---|---|
ሱሙ-ኤፑኽ | 1722–1692 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ንጉሥ | |
1 ያሪም-ሊም | 1692-1676 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | ልጅ[13] |
1 ሃሙራቢ | 1676- 1662 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | ልጅ[45] |
1 አባ-ኤል | 1662- 1632 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | ልጅ[46] |
2 ያሪም-ሊም | 1632-1612 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | ልጅ[47] |
ንቅሚ-ኤፑኽ | 1612-1587 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | ልጅ[48] |
እርካብቱም | 1587-1575 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | ልጅ[49] |
2 ሃሙራቢ | 1575-1570 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | ምናልባት ወንድም[50] |
3 ያሪም-ሊም | 1570-1531 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ታላቅ ንጉሥ | የእርካብቱም ወንድም[51] |
3 ሃሙራቢ | 1531-1506 ዓክልበ. ግ. | ንጉሥ | ልጅ[52] |
ሳራ-ኤል | 1506 ዓክልበ. ግ. | የሐላብ ንጉሥ | ምናልባት የ፫ ያሪም-ሊም ልጅ[40] |
2 አባ-ኤል | የሐላብ ንጉሥ | ልጅ[40] | |
1 ኢሊም-ኢሊማ | -1480 ዓክልበ. | የሐላብ ንጉሥ | ምናልባት ልጅ[53] |
ዋቢ ምንጮች
ለማስተካከል<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="
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- ^ Mario Liverani (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. p. 354. ISBN 9781134750917. http://books.google.nl/books?id=_EtJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT354#v=onepage&q&f=false.
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- ^ ሀ ለ Michael David Coogan (2001). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. p. 68. ISBN 9780195139372. http://books.google.nl/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PT68&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ ሀ ለ ሐ መ ሠ Mario Liverani (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. p. 234. ISBN 9781134750849. http://books.google.nl/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. p. 773. ISBN 9781134159086. http://books.google.nl/books?id=E1aF0hq1GR8C&pg=PA773#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ ሀ ለ ሐ መ William J. Hamblin (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. p. 254. ISBN 9781134520626. http://books.google.nl/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=254&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Karen Radner,Eleanor Robson (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. p. 257. ISBN 9780199557301. http://books.google.nl/books?id=i4jBn3cThwgC&pg=PA257#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedDalley
- ^ Eric M. Meyers (1997). The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East, Volume 3. p. 287. ISBN 9780195112177. https://books.google.nl/books?id=zAgZAQAAIAAJ&q.
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<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedGordon
- ^ Mogens Herman Hansen (2000). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation, Volume 21. p. 61. ISBN 9788778761774. http://books.google.nl/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Michael David Coogan (2001). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. p. 71. ISBN 9780195139372. http://books.google.nl/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PT71#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ ሀ ለ Jack M. Sasson (1969). The Military Establishments at Mari. p. 2. http://books.google.nl/books?id=J8GgNzv1LfsC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Dominique Charpin (2010). Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. p. 102. ISBN 9780226101590. http://books.google.nl/books?id=eCO17x85ymgC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ ሀ ለ ሐ መ ሠ William J. Hamblin (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. p. 255. ISBN 9781134520626. http://books.google.nl/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT255&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ ሀ ለ David Winton Thomas (1967). Archaeology and Old Testament study: jubilee volume of the Society for Old Testament Study, 1917–1967. p. 121. http://books.google.nl/books?id=7TcJAQAAIAAJ&q.
- ^ Trudy Ring,Noelle Watson,Paul Schellinger (2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. p. 12. ISBN 9781134259656. https://books.google.nl/books?id=fYH7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false.
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<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedHamblin
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 27. ISBN 9780199646678. http://books.google.nl/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ ሀ ለ Mario Liverani (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. p. 260. ISBN 9781134750849. http://books.google.nl/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Dominique Collon (1995). Ancient Near Eastern Art. p. 97. ISBN 9780520203075. http://books.google.nl/books?id=RTGc9YH-C38C&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ William J. Hamblin (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. p. 289. ISBN 9781134520626. http://books.google.nl/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT289&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. p. 83. ISBN 9780199240104. http://books.google.nl/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA83&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 29. ISBN 9780191002922. http://books.google.nl/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Charles Burney (2004). Historical Dictionary of the Hittites. p. 107. ISBN 9780810865648. http://books.google.nl/books?id=azPl5Jzv930C&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ William J. Hamblin (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. p. 256. ISBN 9781134520626. http://books.google.nl/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT256&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Annick Payne (2012). Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. p. 3. ISBN 9781589836587. http://books.google.nl/books?id=Tb4mzSQ2nJoC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. p. 126. ISBN 9780199240104. http://books.google.nl/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Gordon Douglas Young (1981). Ugarit in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Ugarit and Ugaritic. p. 9. ISBN 9780931464072. http://books.google.nl/books?id=1A0OgvXfHlQC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false.
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- ^ ሀ ለ Dominique Collon (1995). Ancient Near Eastern Art. p. 109. http://books.google.nl/books?id=RTGc9YH-C38C&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ ሀ ለ Thomas Nelson (2008). The Chronological Study Bible. p. 393. ISBN 9780718020682. http://books.google.nl/books?id=4HoLII5KmWwC&pg=PA393#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Eric H. Cline,David B. O'Connor (2006). Thutmose III: A New Biography. p. 12. ISBN 0472114670. http://books.google.nl/books?id=eqHKDKo3cVsC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). p. 783. ISBN 9780802058737. http://books.google.nl/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA783&lpg#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Beatrice Teissier (1996). Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. p. 28. ISBN 9783525538920. http://books.google.nl/books?id=oiSoxUE_Vn0C&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). p. 788. ISBN 9780802058737. http://books.google.nl/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA788#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). p. 792. ISBN 9780802058737. http://books.google.nl/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA792#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Beatrice Teissier (1996). Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. p. 26. ISBN 9783525538920. https://books.google.nl/books?id=oiSoxUE_Vn0C&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Wilfred Van Soldt (1999). Akkadica, Volumes 111–120. p. 106. http://books.google.com/?id=qCgpAQAAMAAJ&dq=editions:0AFLRE728itIF97ocBxP6tf4t-3vxq6DFWKccZMEmRDBdHioXHCgg6e0.
- ^ Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). p. 795. ISBN 9780802058737. http://books.google.nl/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA795#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Wilfred Van Soldt (1999). Akkadica, Volumes 111–120. p. 107. http://books.google.com/?id=qCgpAQAAMAAJ&dq=editions:0AFLRE728itIF97ocBxP6tf4t-3vxq6DFWKccZMEmRDBdHioXHCgg6e0.
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- Hadad temple discovery. Kay Kohlmeyer, an archaeologist at Berlin's University of Applied Sciences and the excavation co-director explain about the temple.
- Ansari- ancient Halab.