ረኔ ዴካርት

ሬኔ ደካርት (René Descartes) (መጋቢት 31፣ 1596 – ሐምሌ 1650;) ^[1] ፈረንሳዊ ሳይንቲስት፣ ሂሳብ ተመራማሪ እና ፈላስፋ የነበረ ሲሆን በአሁኑ ጊዜ የዘመናዊ ፍልስፍና አባት በመባል ይታወቃል። ሶስት ምክንያቶች ይጠቀሳሉ። የመጀመሪያዊ፣ ከጥንት ዘመን ጀምሮ ይሰራበት የነበረውን ምሁራዊ አሪስጣጣሊያውነትን ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ከአስተሳሰብ ዘዴው ያሰዎገደ ፈላስፋ በመሆኑ። ሁለተኛው ምክንያት የአዕምሮ እና አካል ሁለት እና እማይቀላቀሉ ነገሮች መሆን አስተሳሰብን ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ስላስተዋወቀ። ሶስተኛው ምክንያት ደግሞ፣ በአስተዎሎት እና ሙከራ ላይ የተመሰረተ አዲስ ዓይነት ሳይንስ ስላስተዋወቀ ነበር።

የካርቴዢያን ሰንጠረዥ ተብሎ በሚታወቀው አዲስ የጂዎሜትሪ እና አልጀብራ መቀየጫ ዘዴ በዚህ ሰው የተፈጠረ ሲሆን፣ በሂሳብ ጥናት ላይ ስር ነቀል ለውጥ አምጥቷል። ስለሆነም የትንተና ጂዎሜትሪ አባት በመባል ይታወቃል። ዴካርት፣ ከሒሳብ በተረፈ በሳይንስ ጥናቶች ላይ በመሳተፍ በዘመኑ የሳይንስ አብዮት በአውሮጳ እንዲፈነዳ ጉልህ አስተዋጾ አድርጓል።

ዴካርት በ17ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ግዙፍ ስም ያገኘ ፈላስፋ ሲሆን በተለይ በአውሮጳ አህጉር በምክኑያዊነት (rationalism) ፍልስፍና ታዋቂነትን ያተረፈና ከሱ ፍልስፍና ተነሰተው በማስፋፋት እነ ባሩክ ስፒኖዛ እና ሌብኒትዝ ለምክኑያዊ ፍልስፍና ጥበብ ታላላቅ ድርሻ ሊያበረክቱ ችለዋል። በዚህ ተቃራኒ ግን ዳሳሻዊነት (empiricism) ፍልስፍናን ያራመዱ ፈላስፎች፣ ለምሳሌ ሎክ፣ ሆብስ፣ በርክሊ፣ ሩሶና ሁም የምክኑያዊነት ፍልስፍናውን አጥብቀው ተቃውመዋል። ከፍልስፍና ጽሁፎቹ ውስጥ አትኩረተ ህሊና በፍልስፍና መሰረት ላይ (Meditations on First Philosophy) የተባለው ጽሁፉ እስካሁን ዘመን ድረስ በዩንቨርስቲወች ውስጥ እንደ ዋና የትህርት ክፍል ይሰጣል።ደካርት ብዙ ጽሁፍ ቢያቀርብም፣ ባሁኑም ሆነ ቀደምት ክፍለ ዘመናት ስሙ ገኖ የሚታወቀው በአንዲት ጥቅስ ነው፣ እሱዋም «ስለማስብ፣ አለሁ»፣ በላቲኑ «Cogito ergo sum» ተብሎ ይታወቃል።

የህይወት ታሪክ

የፍልስፍን ስርው

ሁለትነት

ለሂስብ ይበረከተው ገጸ በረከት

ደክርት በጊዜው

በሃይማኖት ልይ የነበረው አስተሳሰብ

ከጽሁፎቹ

ታህሥ 1638 ደካርት በጁ የጻፈው ደብዳቤ

1618. Compendium Musicae. A treatise on music theory and the aesthetics of music written for Descartes' early collaborator Isaac Beeckman.
1626–1628. Regulae ad directionem ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind). Incomplete. First published posthumously in 1684. The best critical edition, which includes an early Dutch translation, is edited by Giovanni Crapulli (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966).
1630–1633. Le Monde (The World) and L'Homme (Man). Descartes' first systematic presentation of his natural philosophy. Man was published posthumously in Latin translation in 1662; and The World posthumously in 1664.
1637. Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method). An introduction to the Essais, which include the Dioptrique, the Météores and the Géométrie.
1637. La Géométrie (Geometry). Descartes' major work in mathematics. There is an English translation by Michael Mahoney (New York: Dover, 1979).
1641. Meditationes de prima philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), also known as Metaphysical Meditations. In Latin; a French translation, probably done without Descartes' supervision, was published in 1647. Includes six Objections and Replies. A second edition, published the following year, included an additional objection and reply, and a Letter to Dinet.
1644. Principia philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a Latin textbook at first intended by Descartes to replace the Aristotelian textbooks then used in universities. A French translation, Principes de philosophie by Claude Picot, under the supervision of Descartes, appeared in 1647 with a letter-preface to Queen Christina of Sweden.
1647. Notae in programma (Comments on a Certain Broadsheet). A reply to Descartes' one-time disciple Henricus Regius.
1647. The Description of the Human Body. Published posthumously.
1648. Responsiones Renati Des Cartes… (Conversation with Burman). Notes on a Q&A session between Descartes and Frans Burman on 16 April 1648. Rediscovered in 1895 and published for the first time in 1896. An annotated bilingual edition (Latin with French translation), edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade, was published in 1981 (Paris: PUF).
1649. Les passions de l'âme (Passions of the Soul). Dedicated to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia.
1656. Musicae Compendium (Instruction in Music). Posth. Publ.: Johannes Janssonius jun., Amsterdam
1657. Correspondence. Published by Descartes' literary executor Claude Clerselier. The third edition, in 1667, was the most complete; Clerselier omitted, however, much of the material pertaining to mathematics.

ማጣቀሻ

Principia philosophiae, 1685

የተስብሰቡ የደክርት ስራወች

1983. Oeuvres de Descartes in 11 vols. Adam, Charles, and Tannery, Paul, eds. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin.
1988. The Philosophical Writings Of Descartes in 3 vols. Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., Kenny, A., and Murdoch, D., trans. Cambridge University Press.

ነጠላ ስራወቹ

1618. Compendium Musicae.
1628. Rules for the Direction of the Mind.
1637. Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie. Original in French, because intended for a wider public.
1637. La Géométrie. Smith, David E., and Lantham, M. L., trans., 1954. The Geometry of René Descartes. Dover.
1641. Meditations on First Philosophy. Cottingham, J., trans., 1996. Cambridge University Press. Latin original. Alternative English title: Metaphysical Meditations. Includes six Objections and Replies. A second edition published the following year, includes an additional ‘’Objection and Reply’’ and a Letter to Dinet. HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition
1644. Les Principes de la philosophie. Miller, V. R. and R. P., trans., 1983. Principles of Philosophy. Reidel.
1647. Comments on a Certain Broadsheet.
1647. The Description of the Human Body.
1648. Conversation with Burman.
1649. Passions of the Soul. Voss, S. H., trans., 1989. Indianapolis: Hackett. Dedicated to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia.

ሌሎች ጽሁፎቹ

Boyer, Carl (1985). A History of Mathematics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02391-3.
Clarke, Desmond (2006). Descartes: A Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82301-3.
Costabel, Pierre (1987). René Descartes - Exercices pour les éléments des solides. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-040099-X.
Cottingham, John (1992). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36696-8.
Duncan, Steven M. (2008). The Proof of the External World: Cartesian Theism and the Possibility of Knowledge. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-227-17267-4 http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/proofew.htm.
Farrell, John. “Demons of Descartes and Hobbes.” Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7.
Garber, Daniel (1992). Descartes' Metaphysical Physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-28219-8.
Garber, Daniel; Michael Ayers (1998). The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53721-5.
Gaukroger, Stephen (1995). Descartes: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823994-7.
Giuseppe Leone, [Il quarto centenario dalla nascita di Cartesio (1596)], Una "ragione" per l'Europa Unita, in "Ricorditi di me...", su Lecco 2000, Aprile 1996.
Grayling, A.C. (2005). Descartes: The Life and times of a Genius. New York: Walker Publishing Co., Inc.. ISBN 0-8027-1501-X.
Gillespie, A. (2006). Descartes’ demon: A dialogical analysis of ‘Meditations on First Philosophy.’[1] Archived ጁን 18, 2010 at the Wayback Machine Theory & Psychology, 16, 761-781.
Keeling, S. V. (1968). Descartes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN.
Melchert, Norman (2002). The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-19-517510-7.
Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord.), Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007'
Ozaki, Makoto (1991). Kartenspiel, oder Kommentar zu den Meditationen des Herrn Descartes. Berlin: Klein Verlag.. ISBN 3-927199-01-X.
Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, Vindicación del cartesianismo radical, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010.
Schäfer, Rainer (2006). Zweifel und Sein - Der Ursprung des modernen Selbstbewusstseins in Descartes' cogito. Wuerzburg: Koenigshausen&Neumann. ISBN 3-8260-3202-0.
Serfati, M., 2005, "Geometria" in Ivor Grattan-Guinness, ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 1-22.
Sorrell, Tom (1987). Descartes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. ISBN 0-19-287636-8.

የውጭ ማጣቀሻወች

ቭዲዩ

Bernard Williams interviewed about Descartes on "Men of ideas"

አጠቃላይ

Discourse on the Method Archived ኦክቶበር 11, 2004 at the Wayback Machine at Project Gutenberg
Selections from the Principles of Philosophy Archived ኖቬምበር 3, 2004 at the Wayback Machine at Project Gutenberg
Detailed biography of Descartes
René Descartes in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942. Archived ኤፕሪል 16, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
More easily readable versions of Meditations, Objections and Replies, Principles of Philosophy, Discourse on the Method and Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth.
1984 John Cottingham translation of Meditations and Objections and Replies.
René Descartes (1596–1650) Published in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition (1996)
René Descartes (1596–1650) Published in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition (1996)
Original texts of René Descartes in french Archived ኦገስት 30, 2011 at the Wayback Machine at La Philosophie
Descartes Philosophical Writings tr. by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org
Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org
The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934) at archive.org

ስታንፎርድ ዩኒቨርሲቲ መዝገበ-ዕውቀት ይዞታ

^ Colie, Rosalie L. (1957). Light and Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. p. 58.

[1] Colie, Rosalie L. (1957). Light and Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. p. 58.

[1]